Swollen ear love is the enlargement and inflammation of the earlobe. There are many reasons why the earlobe gets swollen.

The severity of the condition depends on the root cause of the problem. Sometimes the swelling can affect a particular area of the earlobe, but most of the time it can affect the entire earlobe. ^{(1, 2)}

Image 1: A person with a swollen ear lobe secondary to piercing infection.
Picture Source: www.healcure.org

Photo 2: Swollen earlobe secondary to mastoiditis
Picture Source: img.tfd.com

Image 3: Ear infection leading to swelling of the ear lobe and other parts of the ears
Photo Source: www.healthyhowto.org

What are the clinical manifestations?

1. Rash
2. Pain and tenderness
3. Crusting and flaking
4. Itching
5. Lumpy or bumpy feeling when you touch the earlobe ⁽²⁾

Swollen Ear Lobes Causes

• Earlobe piercing – If you have a piercing, there is a tendency that your earlobe will swell, especially right after the piercing procedure. The swelling and pain could last for a few days. However, if the inflammation, swelling, and pain go on for a long period of time, then it could suggest a possible piercing infection.
• Allergy – If you have sensitive skin, then you are prone to allergic reaction. Hair sprays, earlobe piercing jewelry, shampoo, or soap can all cause allergy. Fashion earrings usually have nickel, which can cause itching and swelling for people with sensitive skin. If you know that your skin is prone to allergy, you have to be extremely careful when it comes to using skin care products and jewelry. ⁽⁴⁾
• Mastoiditis – It is the infection of the mastoid bone, which is located behind the ear. It causes fever, pain, redness, and swollen earlobe.
• Insect bite – If your earlobe is itchy, swollen, and reddened, it could be possibly cause by insect bites. Swollen earlobe secondary to insect bite does not last. It usually takes a few hours for the pain and inflammation to subside. ⁽³⁾
• Abscess in the earlobe – An abscess is a painful collection of pus secondary to bacterial infection. If you have abscess ear lobe, you should seek medical attention right away. It usually takes antibiotics and draining to thoroughly get rid of the abscess, although most abscess naturally drain, shrink, and dry away.
• Swollen earlobe secondary to pimple – A pimple in the earlobe area can cause swelling and pain. It can also cause redness and tenderness. It usually goes on its own, but if it is bothering you, then you should use over the counter products for pimples. Just make sure that the product won’t get inside your ear.
• Cauliflower ear – A cauliflower ear or medically known as hematoma auris is a deformity of the ear secondary to trauma or injury. If the condition is not treated, it can affect the proper circulation of blood. It could lead to swollen ear lobe with lump. In severe cases, a cauliflower ear can cause scar tissue formation. It causes deformed ear appearance. ⁽⁵⁾
• Cyst and boils in the earlobe – Swollen outer ear lobe can be caused by cyst or boil. A cyst looks like a blister and can occur in any parts of the body. Various factors could lead to the formation of cyst such as infection, cell defects, trauma, blocked ducts, parasites, tumor, and so on. If the swelling of ear lobe is caused by cyst, then it should be drained or surgically removed. On the other hand, a boil is a red and painful lump secondary to infection. It is usually caused by Staphylococcus bacteria.
• Cellulitis – It is an infection of the deep layer of the skin as well as the underlying tissues. If the infection is severe to the point that it affects your day to day living, then you need to seek medical help. The doctor will thoroughly assess the condition of your earlobe and will prescribe the right medication and course of treatment. ^{(5, 6)}
• Otitis externa – A medical condition caused by inflammation of the external ear canal. It is tagged as swimmer’s ear because exposure to water makes the ear susceptible to infection. If you are experiencing swollen ear lobe infection like this, then you need to see your doctor right away. Not seeking medical help could lead to hearing loss.
• Ear cancer – A cancer can appear in any parts of the body. A few types of cancer can cause swollen ear lobe and lymph nodes. If the lymph node is involved, it could suggest that you are possibly suffering from lymphoma.
• Other causes of swollen ear lobe – Other factors that could lead to swelling of the ear lobe include contact dermatitis, folliculitis, rash, or secondary to surgical operations.

Earlobe Infection Treatment

How to treat swollen ear lobe? There are many ways to treat an earlobe infection. To effectively treat a swollen earlobe, the root cause of the problem should be first established. If it is caused by bacterial infection, then an antibiotic treatment should be started.

If it is caused by allergy, the symptoms are best managed using antihistamines. For pimples and cyst, draining and surgical removal are the best remedies. ^{(6, 7)}

How to treat swollen earlobe at home?

• Cold compress – To alleviate swelling, the blood flow on the area should be decreased. Cold compress helps decrease the flow of blood thereby alleviating pain and discomfort. Make sure that when you apply cold compress, you do not leave it on your skin for a long period of time.
• Warm compress – If the swelling of the earlobe is caused by sebaceous cyst, a warm compress can help alleviate the symptoms. It relieves pain and promotes proper blood circulation.
• Sal water solution – How does salt water solution help in alleviating swollen ear lobe? It works by dehydrating the cells thereby reducing swelling. To create your very own salt water solution, you should dissolve ¼ teaspoon of sea salt to 8 ounces of distilled water. You can also use tap water. Get a clean cotton ball and soak in the salt water solution. Place the cotton ball on the swollen ear lobe for a few minutes. Do this at least three times a day until the swelling subsides.
• If the swelling does not go away despite desperate measures, the best thing to do is to consult your doctor. ^{(7, 8, 9, 10)}

References:

1. www.wowremedies.com
2. www.healcure.org
3. www.healthedition.org
4. www.medhealthdaily.com
5. www.wisegeek.com
6. www.healthyhowto.org
7. www.rightdiagnosis.com
8. www.healthline.com
9. www.medbroadcast.com
10. www.wisegeek.org

Ribs are flat, thin bones that make up the ribcage (together with the sternum). They play a vital role in the body. The ribs provide protection for important organs in the upper body, especially the heart and lungs.

They also protect the important blood vessels in the upper body. The total pair of ribs in the human body is 12. However, ribs vary in size and how they are connected to the front of the skeleton.

There are three types of ribs:

• True ribs – They are directly attached to the sternum (1 to 7th ribs).
• False ribs – They are connected to each other through cartilaginous band (8th to 10th ribs).
• Floating ribs – They are not attached to the sternum and are the smallest of all the rib bones. They are not connected to the front instead they are connected to the spin at the back. ^{(1, 2)}

Image 1: The human anatomy of the ribs
Picture Source: humananatomylibrary.com

Photo 2: The human ribs outlining the true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs.
Image Source: image.slidesharecdn.com

Image 2: An image of the ribs outlining the slipping rib point.
Picture Source: syndromespedia.com

What is a slipping rib syndrome?

It is a condition in which one of the ribs slips out of place. It usually affects the false ribs specifically the 10th rib because of its weak connection and susceptibility to trauma.

Its location is also one of the contributing factors for slipping rib syndrome considering the fact that it is not directly connected to the sternum. Slipping rib syndrome is also called Tietze’s syndrome. ^{(2, 3)}

Slipping rib syndrome affects about 40% of the general population during the lifetime. There are various reasons why slipping rib syndrome happens. They include the following:

1. Hypermobility of the rib cartilage of both the floating and false ribs.
2. History of abdominal surgery
3. Poor posture
4. Injury to the chest wall such as in contact sports ⁽¹⁰⁾

Slipping rib syndrome symptoms

• Severe pain in the lower chest or just above the upper abdomen up in the costal margin.
• Tender spot commonly found on the costal margin.
• Pain is felt when the tender spot is pressed.
• The pain is usually unilateral but there are also instances when the pain is bilateral.
• The patient describes the pain as intermittent sharp stabbing pain and will be followed by monotonous pain that could last for several hours to weeks.
• The pain can be extremely intense to the point that it will interfere with activities of daily living.
• The pain is exacerbated by posture and movement such as lying in bed, driving, stretching, or rising from the chair.
• The intercostal nerve is irritated and the intercostal muscle is strained because of the slippage and movement of the ribs.
• The patient may complain of a popping, giving away, or clicking sensation. ^{(4, 5, 6)}

Diagnostic Procedures

To accurately diagnose slipping rib syndrome, a variety of tests should be performed. They include the following:

• Sonography – This procedure can accurately diagnose Sonography. This procedure uses a high frequency linear probe to precisely visualize the luxation of the cartilaginous rib. It is triggered by Valsalva maneuver. It can also detect other related conditions like fracture of the ribs, muscle tear, and abdominal disease.
• Radiologic investigation – It is used to exclude other related conditions.
• Physical examination – The affected area will be palpitated to locate the tender spot and if pain is felt during palpitation. It is called slipping rib syndrome hooking maneuver. This was first described in 1977. It is a simple test that can accurately detect slipping rib syndrome. Valsalva maneuver can also be used to accurately diagnose slipping rib syndrome. ^{(4, 5, 7)}

Slipping Rib Syndrome Treatment

The treatment for slipping rib syndrome is vast. It uses a multidisciplinary approach.

Pain Relief

One of the primary complaints of patients with slipping rib syndrome is pain. Hence, pain management is a crucial part of the treatment, there are various ways to alleviate the pain such as giving long acting steroid and nerve block. Analgesics can also be given to the patient. ^{(8, 9)}

Rib Excision

In some instances, a rib excision is required. It is a slipping rib syndrome surgery in which the anterior end of the rib and costal cartilage is removed. An incision is made along the costal margin, which mostly involve the eighth, ninth, and tenth ribs. ^{(8, 9)}

Physical Therapy

• The patient is taught of ways to avoid movements that can negatively affect the ribs and other parts of the body. The pain should not be triggered by any movement.
• Manual therapy with the help of a physical therapist or chiropractor can prove helpful in the management of slipping rib syndrome. The chiropractor will manipulate the costovertebral joint and electrically stimulate the ribs thereby managing the pain and long term relief of the slipping rib syndrome. Slipping rib syndrome exercises are also proven helpful in the pain relief and management of slipping rib syndrome. However, the type of management is dependent on the type and intensity of pain. In case of moderate pain, the patient is advised to wear an elastic bandage around the thorax for about one to two weeks. ^{(6, 7, 8)}

Lifestyle Modification

Patients with slipping rib syndrome should modify their lifestyle. Patient should not engage in strenuous forms of activities in order to prevent pain and discomfort. Avoid any activities that can be stressful to the chest area such as sneezing, laughing, and coughing too hard.

It is a must to eat healthy and nutritious foods. The doctor will suggest activities that can strengthen the muscles without pressing stress on the ribs. ^{(2, 3)}

Slipping Rib Syndrome Recovery Period

The recovery period for slipping rib syndrome varies depending on the overall condition of the patient. Some patients were able to recover in a few weeks while others take months and even years. The effect of slipping rib syndrome exercise can be felt after a few weeks or months of religious exercise.

On the other hand, chiropractic procedures would only take a few weeks for the patients to see a significant improvement. In the case of surgical procedure, it would take weeks to months for the patients to fully recover. ^{(1, 4, 5)}

References:

1. https://www.healthline.com/health/slipping-rib-syndrome
2. https://www.physio-pedia.com/Slipping_rib_syndrome
3. https://www.epainassist.com/chest-pain/ribs/slipping-rib-syndrome
4. https://www.livestrong.com/article/11811-way-diagnose-slipping-rib-syndrome/
5. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210261216300670
6. http://www.phoenixchildrens.org/medical-specialties/pediatric-surgery/slipping-rib
7. https://syndromespedia.com/slipping-rib-syndrome.html#.Wd3IIvmCzIU
8. http://slippingribsyndrome.com/what-is-slipping-rib-syndrome/
9. https://www.caringmedical.com/prolotherapy-news/slipping-rib-syndrome/
10. https://www.doctorshealthpress.com/general-health-articles/slipping-rib-syndrome-causes/

What is Sotos syndrome?

It is an extremely rare genetic condition characterized by distinctive physical appearance, learning disabilities, and developmental delay. The Sotos syndrome symptoms vary depending on the age group. It is also known as Sotos Sequence and cerebral gigantism. ^{(3, 4, 9, 10)}

Sotos syndrome Pictures

Image 1: An image of a child with Sotos syndrome with prominently large head circumference and wide set eyes.
Picture Source: i.ytimg.com

Photo 2: An adult patient with Sotos syndrome.
Image Source: i.pinimg.com

Image 3: A group of people with Sotos syndrome.
Picture Source: sotossyndrome.org

Sotos Syndrome in Newborn

A newborn wit Sotos syndrome has a large head circumference. The average head circumference I 13.5 inches while newborn with Sotos syndrome’s head circumference is 4.5 inches. The body length is longer than the average and the birth weight is heavier than the usual birth weight of newborn. The forehead is abnormally large and round.

It has a distinct pinched at the temple area. The eyes are slightly slanted downward at the corners and wide set. The entire facial area looks narrow and long, which is further emphasized by the pointed jaw.

The upper and lower extremities are large. The newborn has a rag doll appearance because of low muscle tone. The newborn is usually put under the bili light because of neonatal jaundice. ^{(1, 3, 4, 5, 7)}

Sotos Syndrome in Infants and Toddlers

As the newborn progresses to infancy and toddler stage, the progression is very low. The patient cannot fully control his head and the feeding is still a problem.

Other clinical manifestations include poor muscle tone leading to delayed development of fine motor skills. In fact, there are instance when facial expressions are delayed. The size of the head grow rapidly, which can be extremely alarming. ^{(1, 3, 5, 7)}

Sotos Syndrome in young children

Children with Sotos syndrome have an extremely large skull (macrocrania) but the brain remains small. Although the skull is large, it appears high and narrow. The forehead is prominent, the eyes are wide-spaced and the nose and cheeks are rosy. The roof of the mouth is narrow and arched upward. The muscles have low tone, language development is delay, and you will notice a generalized developmental delay. ^{(1, 3, 4, 7)}

Sotos Syndrome in Adults

Adults with Sotos syndrome have normal weight and height, although they are usually taller than the average height. However, adults with Sotos syndrome are susceptible to tumor and cancer. There is also a possibility of motor skill and coordination problems. As with the intellectual development, adults with Sotos syndrome are within the normal range for intellect. ^{(1, 3, 4)}

How common is Sotos Syndrome?

In every 14,000 newborn, one case of Sotos syndrome is reported. The clinical features of Sotos syndrome can be mistaken for other health conditions. Many cases of Sotos syndrome are not properly diagnosed. ^{(3, 4, 5, 7)}

What causes Sotos syndrome?

The primary cause of sotos syndrome is NSD1 gene mutation. What is NSD1 gene? It is the one responsible in providing instructions for making a protein that works as histone methyltransferase, an enzyme that modifies histone (structural protein) that is attached to the DNA.

It is the one responsible in giving the chromosomes their shape. It also controls the activities of the genes responsible in the growth and development of human. What happens in Sotos syndrome is that the body prevents one copy of the gene from producing functional protein. This causes disruption of the gene’s normal activities. ^{(5, 7)}

Is Sotos syndrome hereditary?

Most cases of Sotos syndrome occur in people with no family history of the disease. As mentioned above, Sotos syndrome is caused by new mutation of the NSD1 gene. ^{(5, 7, 8)}

Sotos Syndrome Diagnosis

To accurately diagnose the condition of the patient, the doctor will first assess for the clinical manifestations of Sotos syndrome. The doctor will watch out for signs of excessive growth, craniofacial configuration, and developmental delay. About 80% of patients with Sotos syndrome have brain abnormalities such as hydrocephalus. ⁽⁸⁾

Additional test should be performed such as DNA studies by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis (FISH) to detect microdelections. A DNA analysis is one of the best methods to identifying NSD1 gene mutation. In some instances, genetic testing for NFIX is needed. It is also possible to detect Sotos syndrome in an unborn child. A DNA analysis is obtained from fetal cells by chronic villus sampling and amniocentesis. This is most likely the option if one of the parents have Sotos syndrome. Although, most cases of Sotos syndrome have nothing to do with genetic history. ^{(2, 3, 4, 5, 7)}

Sotos Syndrome Treatment

Treatment for Sotos syndrome involves a multi-disciplinary approach. Ideally, the treatment is directed towards Sotos syndrome symptoms. To thoroughly address the overall condition of the patient, a team of specialist works hands in hand.

They include neurologist, geneticists, endocrinologist, surgeons, orthopaedics, physical therapist, ophthalmologist, and speech pathologist. Other health care professionals might be also needed, especially when it comes to creating a comprehensive plan for the patient. ^{(3, 4, 7)}

Patients with Sotos syndrome, especially children should have a regular check up to assess the overall growth and development, not only physically but intellectually. Ideally, the examination is done once a year. During the examination, the doctor will focus on blood pressure measurement, eye examination, examination of the back to watch out for any signs of bone-related disease such as scoliosis. Speech and language evaluation are also a significant part of the examination process. ^{(5, 7, 8, 9)}

The moment the condition is diagnosed, it is important to have a regular clinical evaluation. This is to detect the extent of developmental delay, intellectual disability, and psychomotor retardation. Early intervention plays a very important role in the overall development of the patient. Religious clinical intervention can help the patients reach their highest potential.

Treatment and management include the following:

1. Infant stimulation
2. Special social support
3. Special education
4. Speech therapy ⁽⁷⁾
5. Physical therapy
6. Occupational therapy
7. Adaptive physical education
8. Genetic counselling both for the patients and their families. ^{(3, 4)}

Prognosis

Sotos syndrome may sound like an alarming health condition, but people who have it can live a life of normal expectancy. Sotos syndrome is not a life-threatening condition, although some patients who have it may not be able to live a normal life primarily because of the physical abnormalities.

Most cases of Sotos syndrome improved once they reach the normal expected growth rate. As a matter of fact, even the developmental delay can improve once the patient reaches school age years. ^{(5, 6, 8)}

References:

1. https://www.healthline.com/health/sotos-syndrome#symptoms2
2. https://www.healthline.com/health/sotos-syndrome#diagnosis6
3. http://www.socialstyrelsen.se/rarediseases/sotossyndrome
4. http://sotossyndrome.org/sotos-syndrome
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotos_syndrome
6. http://www.brainfacts.org/diseases-disorders/diseases-a-to-z-from-ninds/sotos-syndrome/
7. https://www.specialeducationalneeds.co.uk/sotos-syndrome.html
8. https://contact.org.uk/medical-information/conditions/s/sotos-syndrome/
9. http://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/sotos-syndrome
10. https://www.gemssforschools.org/conditions/sotos/default

What is infantigo?

It is a bacterial infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus. It affects both adult and children, men and women. The other term for infantigo is impetigo.

Infantigo is usually the term used for infection in infants and children. It appears as a red sore on the face particularly in the nose and mouth areas. Eventually, the sores will burst and turn to honey-colored crusts. About 70% of infantigo cases is children, especially preschoolers. ^{(1, 10, 11)}

What does impetigo look like?

Impetigo begins with red bruises around the mouth and nose. They will burst and leave crusted red rashes. They are not painful, but can be very unsightly. ⁽⁵⁾

Infantigo Pictures

Photo 1: A comparison image between bullous and non-bullous infantigo.
Picture Source: images.medicinenet.com

Image 2: A severe form of impetigo.
Photo Source: www.scielo.br

Photo 3: An advanced stage of impetigo.
Picture Source: diseasespictures.com

Types of Infantigo

1. Non-bullous infantigo – It is the most prevalent type. It begins as a red sore on the mouth and nose area. The sores will then rupture spilling a liquid or fluid discharges. Once it dries, it will form a honey-colored scab and will eventually go away without leaving any scars.
2. Bullous infantigo – It is common in kids 2 years old and above. It begins as a liquid filled rankles on the arms, trunk, and legs. Rankles will eventually break leaving yellow scabs.
3. Ecthyma – It is a special type of infantigo, which infiltrates into the skin. It creates thick liquid or pus filled sore, which leads to ulceration. ^{(1, 2, 3)}

Symptoms of Impetigo

• Red bruises that burst rapidly
• The bruises form around the nose and mouth, but can also spread in other parts of the body.
• Rankles on the trunk and diaper areas in babies and young children.

The severity of impetigo symptoms varies from one person to another. Those with strong immune system have milder symptoms than those with weak immune system. ⁽⁷⁾

What causes impetigo?

It is primarily caused by Staphylococcus aureus. A few reported cases are caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. ⁽⁷⁾

The prevalence rate

Those who live in warm weather areas are prone to infantigo. Other predisposing factors include anemia, poor cleanliness, and unhealthy health habit.

Is infantigo contagious?

Infantigo is a highly contagious disease. If your kid has infantigo, you should isolate him/her from other people. Infantigo is spread via direct contact with the blisters and nasal discharges. Impetigo incubation period is 1 to 3 days after

Streptococcus exposure and 4 to 10 days after Staphylococcus exposure. Scratching can spread the sores. ^{(4, 7, 10, 11)}

How to diagnose infantigo?

The doctor will examine the affected areas of the body. The doctor will then ask important questions, especially if the patient has any recent scrapes and cuts. Further testing is needed if the patient’s clinical manifestations are severe and spread to various parts of the body.

The condition can be very alarming if the infection is recurring and does not respond to treatment. The doctor will order for culture and sensitivity test to find out what type of organisms is causing the infection. ^{(8, 9)}

Infantigo Treatment

Infantigo disease is highly contagious and so it is important to come up with an effective cure for infantigo. The causative agent should be determined first for the doctor to know what type of drug will be given to the patient.

• Topical antibiotics – Soak the affected area in warm water to get rid of the overlying scabs. Topical antibiotic are applied directly onto the skin. While applying the topical antibiotic, make sure you wear latex gloves. Make sure you wash your hands thoroughly after application of antibiotic. In a few days, you will be able to see a significant improvement.
• Oral antibiotics – It is prescribed in patients with severe infantigo. It is also the preferred route if the infantigo is unresponsive to topical antibiotics. The antibiotic treatment is usually a one week course. Make sure you finish the entire course to prevent recurrence. ^{(5, 6, 7, 8)}

Home remedies for infantigo

How to treat impetigo using natural remedies? Mild cases of infantigo can be treated using essential oil and herbs. Some of the effective treatments for impetigo include tea tree oil, coconut oil, garlic, and honey. They can significantly improve the symptoms of infantigo. ^{(2, 4)}

What are the possible infantigo complications?

Infantigo should be treated immediately. If the condition gets worse, it could lead to a more serious medical conditions which include the following:

• Guttate psoriasis – It is characterized by red scaly patches on the skin.
• Cellulitis – It is a severe complication of infantigo. It happens when the bacteria multiply and spread into the deep layer of the skin. Cellulitis causes red and inflamed skin lesions, fever, and pain.
• Sepsis – It is a condition in which the bacteria spread in the blood leading to confusion, fever, dizziness, vomiting, and rapid breathing. Sepsis is a fatal complication of infantigo. Hence, you should watch out for any signs of sepsis.
• Scarlet fever – it is a rare bacterial infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. Clinical manifestations are fine pink rash across the body, pain, and nausea with or without vomiting.
• Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis – It is a fatal complication characterized by infection of the small blood vessels. It is an extremely rare complication of infantigo. Typical clinical manifestations include hypertension and dark colored urine. ^{(2, 3, 5, 7)}

What you can do to prevent infantigo?

• Cleanliness is the key to protecting yourself from infantigo and other forms of diseases.
• If you have cuts, brushes, and scratches, you should keep them clean to prevent infection.
• If somebody you know has impetigo, you should keep his/her belongings segregated. As mentioned above, infantigo is a highly contagious disease. So, better safe than sorry. Make sure to isolate the patient until the infection clears up.
• Make sure you take a bath every single day.
• Keep your nails short and clean so that bacteria can’t thrive under your nails.
• You should not touch the items used or touched by a person with impetigo. This includes clothing, utensils, sheets, towels, and toys.
• As much as possible, you should avoid close contact with person who has impetigo unless the infection completely goes away.
• Always wash hands to prevent the spread of infection. ^{(9, 12)}

References

1. https://emedicalupdates.com/infantigo-impetigo/
2. https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/tc/impetigo-overview#2
3. https://infantigo.info/
4. https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/tc/impetigo-overview#1
5. http://m.kidshealth.org/en/kids/impetigo.html
6. https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=199999
7. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/impetigo/manage/ptc-20202600
8. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/impetigo/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352358
9. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/impetigo/symptoms-causes/syc-20352352
10. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/impetigo/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352358
11. https://www.hse.ie/eng/health/az/I/Impetigo/Preventing-impetigo.html
12. http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/impetigo/Pages/Introduction.aspx
13. https://www.healthline.com/health/impetigo#overview1
14. https://medicalxpress.com/news/2016-11-skin-infection-impetigo.html

What is Mosaic down syndrome

It is a mixture of two types of cells. Many people have 46 chromosomes while others have 47, which means they have extra chromosomes 21.

Mosaic down syndrome is also known as mosaicism Down syndrome. In a chromosome study, a total of 20 different cells are analyzed. A diagnosis of mosaic Down syndrome is confirmed if the baby has the following characteristics:

• At least five of the 20 cells have 46 chromosomes while the rest have 47 chromosomes secondary to excess chromosome 21.
• The level of mosaicism is 75%, but the percentage varies in different parts of the body.
• Babies with mosaic Down syndrome have the same clinical manifestations as babies with trisomy 21. However, the former has fever characteristics of Down syndrome than the latter. ^{(1, 2, 3)}

Photo 1: A photo of a child with mild mosaic down syndrome.
Picture Source: 2.bp.blogspot.com

Image 2: A female child with mosaic down syndrome.
Photo Source: syndromespedia.com

Photo 3: A boy with trisomy 21 chromosomal defect.
Picture Source: images.wisegeek.com

How mosaic Down syndrome happens?

Ideally, the union of egg and sperm cells leads to a single cell with a total of 46 chromosomes. They are duplicate chromosomes, which will undergo division (two identical daughter cells). The daughter cells will divide forming four cells.

Cell division process will then again take place. Normal cell division and replication process leads to the same number of chromosomes in a fertilized egg. However, not all replication process is normal. An abnormality in the process can lead to chromosomal defects.

It could be that at the time of conception, there is an excess copy of chromosome #21. During the replication and division process, an error occurred. A copy of chromosome #21 was not successfully passes onto both cells. As a result, a second cell group was formed with only 46 chromosomes.

What is a non-mosaic down syndrome? It is a condition wherein all the cells in a patient’s body have extra chromosomes. With mosaic Down syndrome, only a portion of the cell have extra chromosomes. ^{(4, 6, 7)}

Difference between Mosaic Down syndrome and Down syndrome

The body contains numerous cell types and these cells originate from a single fertilized egg (zygote). In a down syndrome (full trisomy 21), the error happens on either the egg or sperm cell as they unite to form a zygote. The error occurs at the start of the development of the zygote.

As a result, all cells that come from the zygote will have extra chromosome #21. In a mosaic down syndrome, the error takes place after the egg is fertilized. Mosaic Down syndrome characteristics are somewhat the same as the trisomy 21, but trisomy 21 has more pronounced clinical features.

Mosaic Down syndrome symptoms are mild because patients still have cells with normal number of chromosomes. ^{(2, 3, 5)}

Mosaic Down syndrome Symptoms

• The back of the head is flat and aligned with the neck.
• There is an excess skin around the neck.
• The hair is fine and straight.
• The ears are small and low set.
• The nasal bridge is flat.
• You will notice a skin fold in the inside corner of the eyes (epicanthal folds).
• There is a white fleck on the colored portion of the eyes (brush field spot). ⁽⁸⁾
• The eruption of baby and adult teeth is delayed.
• The tongue is protruded.
• The fingers and toes are short and there is a single crease across one of both palms.
• There is an abnormally large space between the first and second toes.
• The skin is dry and the muscle tone at birth is low.
• Short stature. ⁽⁶⁾
• The eyes slant upward.
• The body is extremely flexible.
• Almond shaped eyes. ⁽⁹⁾

The intellectual development of people with mosaic Down syndrome

The average IQ score of people with mosaic Down syndrome is between 10 and 30, which is higher than people with Down syndrome (trisomy 21).

How common is mosaic Down syndrome?

Mosaic Down syndrome is a rare condition. It usually affects two to three patients in every 100 children diagnosed with Down syndrome (trisomy 21). Chromosomal abnormalities are most likely to happen in women who have late pregnancy.

Is Mosaic Down syndrome hereditary? It is not inherited. It occurs during cell division early in fetal development. ^{(10, 11)}

Mosaic Down Diagnosis

A genetic testing using the baby’s blood helps confirm the diagnosis of mosaic Down syndrome. About 20 to 25 cells are examined. A diagnosis of mosaic Down syndrome is confirmed if some of the patient’s cells have trisomy 21 and others don’t.

Mosaic Down syndrome late diagnosis can be quite difficult to confirm because mosaicism can also occur across cell lines. If you are suspecting mosaic Down syndrome but couldn’t accurately confirm it through blood test, then additional tests will be performed such as the skin and bone marrow testing.

Medical experts strongly believed that the skin cell test represents the chromosomal composition of the brain cells. An amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling during pregnancy can help detect mosaic Down syndrome. ^{(1, 4, 8, 11)}

Mosaic Down Syndrome Treatment

Mosaic Down syndrome is a genetic disorder. It does not have cure or treatment. Once you are diagnosed with mosaic Down syndrome, you will have it throughout your lifetime. What can be treated though are the complications brought by the disorder. The goal is to improve the quality of life of patients with mosaic Down syndrome.

Patients with MDS usually complain of joint pain. To alleviate the pain and discomfort, the patient is put on a physiotherapy. The patient should have a periodic medical check up to detect any abnormalities and treat them at an early stage.

Regular dental check-up is strongly recommended to monitor the growth of teeth. Patients with mosaic Down syndrome are prone to obesity. Hence, a healthy diet along with regular exercise are strongly recommended. ^{(4, 6, 12)}

Life expectancy

People with mosaic Down syndrome can live up to 66 year old. The condition may sound alarming but in reality, it is not a fatal condition.

To improve the quality of life and lengthen the life expectancy of the patient, any medical complications should be treated right away. If they are left untreated, they can be potentially fatal. ^{(5, 6)}

Resources:

1. www.stanfordchildrens.org
2. www.mosaicdownsyndrome.com
3. www.imdsa.org
4. www.ds-health.com
5. www.down-syndrome.org
6. www.verywell.com
7. www.urmc.rochester.edu
8. https://en.wikipedia.org
9. https://patient.info
10. https://syndromespedia.com
11. www.disabilitybenefitscenter.org
12. www.mosaicdownsyndrome.org

Have you notice a bump on your elbow? Having an unusual bump on the elbow can be very alarming, especially if it is itchy and painful.

There are a variety of reasons why you have a bump on your elbow. It could be caused by simple skin rash or could indicate an underlying serious medical condition.

If the bump on the elbow has been around for quite a while now and does not seem to go away despite home treatment, the best thing to do is to consult your doctor right away. ^{(1, 2)}

Photo 1: Tiny red bumps on the elbow secondary to insect bites.
Picture Source: www.healthedition.org

Image 2: A large and reddened boil on the elbow area.
Photo Source: i.pinimg.com

Photo 3: A large number of tiny red bumps on the skin which is a clinical manifestation of dermatitis herpetiformis.
Picture Source: upload.wikimedia.org

Possible causes of bumps on elbows

Non-itchy bumps on elbows

• Cyst – It is a sac-like growth on the skin that may contain liquid, semi-solid, or gaseous substance. The size varies from small to large. There are various reasons for the development of cyst. It could be due to obstructed blood flow, chronic inflammation, tumor, or infection.
• Shingles – It is caused by varicella zoster virus, the very same virus that caused chicken pox.
• Lyme disease – it is a disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi and can be contacted by a tick bite. You will notice a small red bump on the bite site and after several days, you will notice that the bite site becomes reddened, inflamed, and appear to have a bull’s eye pattern. ⁽³⁾
• Granuloma annulare/necrotic papulosis – Tiny bumps on elbows that form a circular shaped ring which is not itchy in nature. It commonly affects both young and old, but the prevalence is higher in women than men. The exact cause is unknown. Topical steroid ointment is commonly used to help get rid of the bump. ⁽⁴⁾

Itchy red bumps on elbows

• Dermatitis herpetiformis – it is an itchy bump on the elbow characterized by a blister filled with watery fluid. It commonly affects people in mid-teens to middle age. The bump on the elbow is usually half an inch across. The itching is mild to severe and sometimes, it is difficult for the person to sleep soundly at night. Scratching the area could lead to secondary skin infection.
• Scabies – It is caused by mites burrowed under the skin. It commonly affects the skin folds. The skin colored bumps on elbows are red in color and are very itchy. Scabies is a contagious skin disease. People who have scabies should actively take measures to treat the disease. Scabies is treated using prescription medications. ^{(4, 5)}
• Olecranon bursitis – Bursitis is an inflammation of the small sac of fluids that enables the joints to move smoothly. Olecranon bursitis is also called Popeye elbow because the bump on the elbow looks like the famous cartoon character Popeye. What causes raised bumps on elbow? It can be caused by a sudden blow to the elbow such as in the case of trauma or injury. Clinical manifestations include painful elbow, swelling, redness, and warmth. The patient will have a fever and a swollen lymph nodes in the armpit. ⁽⁶⁾
• Poison ivy – It is an allergic reaction to parts of the plants such as the stems, roots, and leaves. Allergic reaction is characterized by red skin blister along with severe itching. The treatment includes application of over the counter anti-itch drugs.
• Boils – Boils are deep skin infection localized in a particular area of the body. A boil does not possess any serious health implication but can be extremely painful. It causes discomfort not only because of the pain but because it is unsightly to see. It is usually treated at home using natural remedies. Possible causes of boil are ingrown hair follicle and skin infection. The bacteria causing boil invades the deep layer of the skin. If home remedies don’t work, the best thing to do is to consult your doctor. The doctor will drain the boil and will prescribe drugs to alleviate pain and prevent secondary infection. ⁽⁶⁾
• Insect Bites – The skin reacts to the toxins that were injected into the skin. Insect bites cause redness, swelling, and itching of the skin. The skin reacts differently to different types of insects such as mosquitoes, flies, spiders, and the likes. Insect bites usually resolve on their own using natural home remedies. However, if the insect bites do not seem to go away and you are not as sure as to what type of insect has bitten you, the best thing to do is to consult your doctor. Insect bites may seem like a minor stuff but if left untreated could lead to infection, which could be difficult to treat once in the advanced stage.
• Abscess – What causes itchy rash on elbows? It could be caused by an infected and inflamed nodule. It is filled with pus that is why you notice a bump on your elbow. An abscess that is left untreated could lead to rupture, which increases the possibility of secondary infection. The skin becomes warm to touch and inflamed. If it so happened that the abscess has ruptured, make sure you clean the area with antibacterial soap. Apply antibacterial ointment afterwards. To prevent secondary infection, you should cover the area with a clean bandage. ^{(6, 7)}

How to get rid of bumps on elbows?

What is the best way to treat bumps on the elbows? It depends on the underlying cause. If it is caused by bacterial infection, then the patient should use antibiotic drugs. The strain of bacteria should be identified first before starting any antibiotic therapy.

If it is cause by cyst, then it should be removed surgically. It is a minor surgical procedure done in the doctor’s office under local anesthesia. The procedure is easy and would only take a few minutes. For bumps that come with inflammation and itching, an anti-inflammatory drug is used. For severe itching, the patient is put on anti-itch medication. The root cause of the problem should be identified first before starting any medical intervention. ^{(8, 9, 10)}

References:

1. www.hopkinsmedicine.org
2. healthh.com
3. www.healtreatcure.org
4. www.livestrong.com
5. www.wowremedies.com
6. www.hopkinsmedicine.org
7. www.treatnheal.com
8. www.lightskincure.org
9. health.knowfacts.org
10. www.healtholino.com

A bruised toenail is usually not a cause of concern. Once in a while people bruised their toenail and there are a multitude of reasons for that.

However, a bruised toenail that gets infected can lead to serious medical complications. Subungual hematoma is the medical term for a bruised toenail. In this article, we are going to discuss the possible causes of bruised toenails, how to heal a bruised toenail fast, and how can it be prevented. ^{(1, 2)}

Symptoms of a bruised toenail

• Throbbing pain in the toenail and the surrounding areas.
• Swelling
• Skin discoloration ranging from reddish, bluish, to purplish discoloration. It suggests that a blood collects under the nail bed.
• The affected area is tender to touch.
• In worst cases, the toenail becomes thickened and would fall off completely. ^{(3, 4, 6)}

Image 1: A bruised nail of the big toe with a blackish skin discoloration.
Picture Source: images.wisegeek.com

Photo 2: A before and after photo of a bruised toenail.
Image Source: www.skintots.com

What causes bruising under toenails?

• Bruised toenail from running – Excessive running causes bruising to the toenails. Runners experienced bruising on their big toe while long distance runners experienced bruising in their longest toe. As the runners do the usual routine, their toes are pushed against the front of the shoe. Bruising of the toenail secondary to running may take a few months to heal completely. To prevent your toes from bruising, you should wear good fitting shoes. It is also important to keep the toenails trimmed regularly. ^{(1, 5)}
• Trauma to the toenails – Why is my toenail bruised? Well, it could be associated with trauma either directly or indirectly affecting the toenails. Trauma to the toes causes pain and sometimes bleeding. The blood pools under the nail, which causes the nails to turn black or purplish. Circumstances leading to trauma to the toenails include a sudden blow to the toes, dropping a heavy object on the toe, and hitting the toe on a hard surface. A trauma to the toes should be examined by the doctor to determine the extent of the injury. There could be a possibility of a damaged tissues or broken bones. In case of severe trauma to the toenails, there is a tendency that the toenail falls off. It would take at least six months for the new toenails to grow.
• Use of incorrect footwear – The type of footwear you use can significantly affect the health of your toenails and feet in general. A tight fitting footwear causes bruising of the toes. It increases the possibility of injury to the toes and feet. Hence, it is of great importance to wear the right shoes. The ideal shoes should not be too tight. You should give your feet an ample space to breath. There should be at least half inch of space between the longest toe and the end of the shoe. ^{(4, 7, 8)}
• Untrimmed toenails – It is important to keep the toenails short and clean. Long toenails can be a culprit for bruising. It could be pressed against the shoes causing damage to the nails and nail bed. A long toenail increases the possibility of catching on objects, especially when walking barefooted.
• Side effects of medications – Some medications make the blood thin, which increases the possibility of bruising. A simple pinch of pressure to the skin could lead to skin discoloration. Examples of blood thinning drugs include warfarin and aspirin. Steroids and some types of chemo drugs can significantly increase the possibility of bruising. If you are taking a certain drug and you feel like you easily get bruised and your drug has something to do about it, then you should consult your doctor. ^{(6, 9)}

Bruised Toenail Treatment

How to take care of a bruised toenail? What you can do to hasten the healing time? Toenail bruise treatment is vast. Mild cases of bruised toenail can be treated at home. However, severe cases need strict and immediate medical attention under the care of a licensed physician. ^{(4, 7)}

The medical approach for a bruised toenail includes the following:

Decompression Method

This is done to drain the underlying blood, relieve the pressure in the affected area, and alleviate the pain. Decompression can be done in two ways:

• Cautery – The surgeon will use an electro-cautery device in the form of a heated wire or a carbon laser to burn the hole. The heated wire is cooled by contact with the hematoma. The procedure may seem invasive, but in reality, it is an abrupt and painless procedure.
• Needle – In this approach, the doctor uses a needle in creating a hole in the nail. A bandage is put on the affected nail. To prevent pressure, the affected toenails are bandaged and elevated. The doctor strongly suggests to cold compress the affected area of the toenails on the first 12 hours post decompression procedure. If there is extreme tenderness, the doctor applies a splint for three days to immobilize the area. ^{(2, 4, 8)}

How to get rid of a bruised toenail fast?

If the bruising is mild, it can be remedied right in the comfort of home using natural remedies. To get rid of bruised toenail fast, you should do the following:

1. Cold compress – It helps alleviate pain and swelling. Put ice cubes in a cloth and apply on the affected toenails. Do not put the ice directly on the skin to prevent skin irritation.
2. Warm water soak – soak your affected toenail in a warm, clean water. It alleviates the pain and inflammation. It would help a lot if you are going to add a few drops of essential oil to the water such as peppermint oil or lavender oil. ^{(3, 5, 8)}
3. Arnica – It is an herb that belongs to the sunflower family. It is an excellent remedy for bruised toenails. It has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory property. It alleviates bruising in different parts of the body. Arnica improves the flow of blood in the body.
4. Turmeric – it contains anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory property, which makes it effective in treating infection and alleviating pain and swelling. Create a paste out of turmeric by diluting turmeric powder in water. Apply the turmeric paste in the affected toenail at least two times a day.
5. Witch hazel – It contains anti-inflammatory property, which makes it helpful in soothing inflamed toenails.
6. Aloe Vera – It is good not only for bruising but for various forms of skin conditions. Clean the toenail with water and soap. Dry the affected area and apply fresh aloe vera gel. ^{(7, 9)}

How to prevent bruising under toenail

• Wear the appropriate footwear. Give at least half an inch allowance for your toes and feet to move freely.
• When working in heavy industries, make sure you wear the right footwear to prevent injury that can cause trauma to the toenails.
• Keep your toenails clean and trimmed regularly. ^{(10, 11)}

References:

1. https://mddk.com
2. https://runnersconnect.net
3. www.healthyandnaturalworld.com
4. www.webmd.com
5. www.innovateus.net
6. www.runnersworld.com
7. www.skintots.com
8. https://healthyfocus.org
9. www.treatcurefast.com
10. vinnieprisbrey.weebly.com
11. www.prevention.com

The nose is one of the most sensitive organs in the body. It plays an important role in the respiratory process. The nose is used for breathing and smelling.

The nasal cavity is divided into three regions: the olfactory (smelling), respiratory, and vestibule. If the nose is irritated, the vestibule part of the nose becomes swollen, reddened, and sore. The condition is medically known as nasal vestibulitis. ^{(1, 2)}

What is a nasal vestibulitis?

A nasal vestibulitis is an inflammation of the skin within the area of the nasal vestibule. It can occur as acute or chronic type. It should be treated immediately because it spreads easily in other parts of the nose, especially in the insides of the nostrils.

Acute vestibulitis is characterized by redness and swelling of the nostril. You will also notice a liquid secretion at the opening of the nostril. A chronic nasal vestibulitis has the same symptoms as the acute type, but there is a tissue hardening. You will also notice a crust. The skin dries easily and becomes itchy. ^{(1, 2, 3)}

Nasal vestibulitis Pictures

Image 1: A severe form of nasal vestibulitis.
Picture Source: symptomstreatment.org

Picture 2: The outside structure of the nose with vestibulitis.
Photo Source: escholarship.org

Causes of nasal vestibulitis

• Infection – Nasal vestibulitis is associated with bacterial infection, but it can also be caused by a viral infection. The Staphylococcus aureus is the primary cause of bacterial infection. As a result, the nasal tract narrows and affects your ability to breathe through your nostrils. ⁽³⁾
• Allergic reaction – If you have an allergic reaction to dust, pollen, and other environmental allergens, your body will react into it. A nasal vestibulitis is one of the body’s reactions to allergens. ⁽⁴⁾
• Waste products of the body – The body eliminates toxins from the system in various ways and one of them is mucus secretion from the nose. When gets infected could lead to nasal vestibulitis.
• Other possible causes – There are other conditions leading to nasal vestibulitis such as the habit of nose picking, upper respiratory infection, and chronic rhinorrhea folliculitis. ⁽⁴⁾

What are nasal vestibulitis symptoms?

• The nose, specifically the nostrils swell, reddened, and painful
• There is mucus drainage
• The opening of the nostril is bumpy
• Difficulty breathing through the nose
• Facial swelling and redness on the cheeks and eye area
• A pimple-like structure at the nasal entrance
• Having a hard time blowing the nose ^{(5, 6, 7)}

Who are at risk?

People who have a bad habit of picking the nose are prone to nasal vestibulitis. Those with recurrent infection of the nose as well as people with folliculitis of nasal hair are at risk for nasal vestibulitis too.

How to diagnose nasal vestibulitis?

A thorough physical examination should be done to thoroughly assess the condition of the patient. The patient’s medical and surgical history will also be taken into consideration. The clinical manifestations will be thoroughly assessed, especially the ability of the patient to breathe effortlessly and whether or not there are nasal discharges. ^{(8, 9)}

Is it contagious?

Some forms of nasal vestibulitis are contagious while others are not. It all depends on the root cause of the problem. The contagious form of nasal vestibulitis can be spread through indirect contact. To avoid the spread of infection, you should observe the following:

• Make it a habit to wash your hands regularly.
• Use a hand sanitizer.
• Keep the house clean, especially those in contact with the person with nasal vestibulitis such as the doorknobs, counters, and other shared items.
• When going out in public, you should wear a face mask especially if you are susceptible to infection. ^{(8, 9, 10)}

Nasal Vestibulitis Treatment

To thoroughly get rid of nasal vestibulitis, the root cause of the disease should be ruled out. It is important to thoroughly clean the affected area using a cotton swab soaked in hydrogen peroxide.

A nasal vestibule should be treated using a combination of oral and topical antibiotics as prescribed by your doctor. In the case of severe nasal vestibulitis, the best treatment approach is antibiotic given via intravenous route.

It is a must to complete the entire course of antibiotics for the infection to completely go away and prevent recurrent infection. ^{(1, 5, 10)}

Nasal Vestibulitis Home (Natural) Treatment

Aside from the conventional treatment, there is also nasal vestibulitis natural treatment. It means treating the disease and alleviating pain and symptoms right in the comfort of your home. Some of the herbs and plants used to treat nasal vestibulitis at home include the following:

• Mint leaves – Create a mint tea by adding fresh mint leaves to a cup of boiled water. If you can’t stand the taste of a mint tea, then you can add honey to improve the taste. Mint leaves have a soothing and calming effect to the body. It relaxes the mind and relaxes the nasal cavity. ⁽⁴⁾
• Tea tree oil – You should not use tea tree oil alone. You should dilute it to a carrier oil like almond oil or coconut oil. Using a cotton swab, apply the oil on the affected areas of the nose. Repeat when necessary. ⁽⁶⁾
• Lemon – Add lemon juice to a glass of lukewarm water. The vitamin C content of lemon helps speed up the healing process. Make sure that you wait for at least 30 minutes before eating.

Can you prevent nasal vestibulitis?

Nasal vestibulitis can be very alarming, but the good news is they can be completely prevented. To avoid nasal vestibulitis, you should strictly observe the following:

• You should avoid foods that increase the production of mucus with digestion.
• Examples are carbohydrate rich foods, spicy foods, citrus fruits, and dairy products.
• You should maintain a healthy diet.
• You should avoid excessive intake of alcoholic beverages.
• If you want to clean your nostril, make sure you are going to use a neti pot instead of picking using your finger. ^{(3, 7, 8, 9)}

Nasal vestibulitis can be painful and annoying. It causes discomfort. If you are suffering from nasal vestibulitis, it is important to seek treatment the soonest time possible to avoid further complications. If the infection is mild, then you can at least try to get rid of it using home remedies. It is important to observe measures that can help prevent nasal vestibulitis. ^{(2, 4)}

References:

1. https://en.wikipedia.org
2. www.doctorshealthpress.com
3. www.epainassist.com
4. www.medigoo.com
5. symptomstreatment.org
6. www.aidanceproducts.com
7. www.merckmanuals.com
8. www.healthfrom.com
9. www.mussenhealth.us
10. Diagnosis in Otorhinolaryngology: An Illustrated Guide By T. Metin Önerci

Inner thigh pain causes discomfort on the thigh area and the side of the legs, specifically in the groin area, upper inner thigh, and knee. The pain is intense and usually the patients describe the pain as dull, stabbing, and sharp.

During severe pain attacks, the pain is felt in the rest of the body, which makes it hard for a person to move. There are various reasons why a person experiences inner thigh pain. They will be discussed further below. ^{(1, 2)}

Image 1: A closer look at the inner thigh muscles.
Picture Source: forums.t-nation.com

Picture 2: The different muscles of the thigh.
Photo Source: images.elephantjournal.com

Photo 3: Kidney stones, one of the reasons for inner thigh pain.
Picture Source: naturalremedyideas.com

Inner Thigh Pain Causes

• Muscle problems – The muscles in the groin are sensitive. A hard pull in the muscles in the groin causes inner thigh pain, which makes it quite difficult to walk. The patient will also notice pain and a feeling of uneasiness when moving the lower extremities. Strain in the groin is divided into three categories: first degree (mild pain), second degree (the pain is moderate), and third degree (severe pain). Groin strain takes four to six weeks to heal completely. ⁽³⁾
• Hip impingement – an upper inner thigh pain when walking can be linked with hip impingement. Hip impingement is a condition affecting the ball socket of the hip bone which causes pain and stiffness in the inner thigh area. Hip impingement usually does not show any symptoms, but as it progresses, you will notice pain when walking and sitting for an extended period of time. generally, pain is felt when performing activities that require the use of the hips. ⁽⁴⁾
• Inguinal hernia – it is one of the reasons for pain and discomfort in the inner thigh. What is an inguinal hernia? It is a condition in which a portionof the intestines is pushed through the weak muscles of the abdomen. It causes a bulge on the side of the pubic bone. One of the symptoms of inguinal hernia is feeling pain and discomfort in the groin area when lifting heavy items or coughing. ⁽⁵⁾
• Osteoarthritis – It causes a severe sharp pain in the joints. If the hip is affected, the person will experience inner thigh pain when walking or doing physical activities that use thigh movement. In fact, some patients complain of inner thigh pain even when at rest. A hip affected by osteoarthritis shouldn’t be taken lightly. It is a serious medical condition that is left untreated could lead to a huge array of symptoms such as pain, stiffness, and inflammation.
• Kidney stones – it causes severe pain in the back and slowly radiates to the inner thigh. The pain is intermittent as the stones move to the urinary tract. How are kidney stones form? It is form when minerals such as calcium builds up in the kidneys. ⁽⁵⁾
• Inner thigh pain secondary to pregnancy – Pregnancy is a phase that many women have to go through. During pregnancy, many women experience inner thigh pain which makes it extremely difficult to move around. When a woman is pregnant, hormonal and physical changes take place. She will experience stiffness of the muscles in the pelvic joints. The baby’s position and weight inside the womb cause discomfort to the mother. The pain in the pelvis radiates to the thigh and can be triggered by physical activities such as walking upstairs, standing on one leg, and turning over in bed. ^{(6, 7)}

How to get rid of inner thigh pain?

How to treat inner thigh pain? The treatment primarily depends on the root cause of the problem as well as the intensity and severity of the pain. The typical treatment approach for mild inner thigh pain is cold compress. Compression provides support for hip movement and hastens the healing process. The typical approach for inner thigh pain includes the following:

• Protection – Do everything you can to protect the affected area from injury and further damage. If you are prone to inner thigh pain, then you have to wear a groin support wrap to give it an added protection from damage and injury.
• Rest – To prevent further injury and damage to the inner thigh, you should rest the affected part of the body. Keep the weight off your thigh muscles. When walking, you should use a cane or crutches to somehow ease the burden of the thigh muscles. ⁽⁸⁾
• Ice – To alleviate the pain and promote blood circulation, you should apply an ice pack to the affected inner thigh. Applying cold compress helps get rid of the possibility of internal bleeding. It alleviates swelling and inflammation. It also hastens the healing process. ^{(9, 10)}
• Compression – Wrap the affected inner thigh with an elastic bandage to significantly reduce the pain and alleviate swelling and inflammation.
• Elevation – Keep the affected inner thigh elevated. It should be at the same level as your heart to prevent swelling and further damage. ⁽¹⁰⁾

What you should do to prevent inner thigh pain?

Inner thigh pain can be prevented. However, if it is caused by an underlying medical condition such as osteoarthritis or hip impingement, the best thing to do is to consult your doctor for aggressive treatment measures. Inner thigh pain prevention includes the following:

• Make it a habit to exercise regularly to strengthen the stomach, back, and hip muscles.
• When exercising, make sure you warm up. A simple stretching can help improve the movement of the joints, reduce stiffness of the muscles, and prevent pain.
• As you go along, you can slowly increase the pace and intensity of your exercise.
• When performing strenuous physical activities, make sure you wear the proper footwear and exercise equipment.
• Make it a habit to drink a lot of fluids and fresh fruit juices. It will not only nourish and hydrate the body. It also improve mobility and prevents muscle stiffness and pain.
• Avoid lifting heavy objects so as not to pull the muscles. A severe muscle pull increases the development of inguinal hernia. ^{(7, 8, 9, 10)}

Inner thigh pain if left untreated could lead to a more serious medical condition. If you are experiencing intense inner thigh pain, you should contact your doctor right away.

References:

1. www.healthcommunities.com
2. www.healthyandnaturalworld.com
3. www.livestrong.com
4. www.medguidance.com
5. https://mddk.com
6. www.healthcommunities.com
7. watchfit.com
8. https://helpyourback.org
9. www.enkiverywell.com
10. www.moveforwardpt.com

The lips are one of the attractive parts of the face. It is important to have healthy lips for they can affect the person’s facial feature. Unhealthy lips are not just unsightly for the human eyes. They can also a cause of embarrassment. Dry crusty lips can be bothersome.

Although most cases resolve on their own after a few days. However, if left untreated could lead to a serious condition.

Cheilitis is a severe form of crusty lips. There are various types of cheilitis but the most common types include the following:

• Factitious cheilitis – It is characterized by dryness, scaling, and fissuring of the lips. It is caused by frequent biting or licking of the lips.
• Angular cheilitis – It is characterized by inflammation of the corner of the lips. It is commonly associated with fungal infection, but can also be linked with virus or bacteria. The clinical manifestations include deep crack on one or both corners of the mouth, painful and burning sensation of the lips, redness and itching of the lips, dry and crusty lips, and a bad mouth taste. ^{(1, 2, 3)}

Photo 1: A severe case of crusty lips characterized by yellowish flaking of the lips.
Picture Source: curezone.com

Image 2: Severely dry and chapped lips.
Photo Source: www.healtreatcure.org

Photo 3: Clinical manifestations of angular cheilitis.
Picture Source: upload.wikimedia.org

What is the cause of cheilitis?

Chapped lips causes are vast. It varies from one person to another. The common causes include the following:

• Prolonged exposure to extreme heat of the sun
• Dry indoor heating
• Dehydration and malnourishment
• Habitual licking of lips
• Trauma to the lips and the surrounding structure
• Dermatitis (inflammation of the skin)
• Mouth breathing ⁽⁴⁾
• Braces and dentures
• Herpes virus 1 infection
• Diabetes
• Thyroid problems
• Crohn’s disease (bowel dysfunction)
• Kawasaki disease ⁽⁵⁾

Who are at risk?

Some habits and medical conditions increase the possibility of crusty lips and cheilitis. Drinking caffeinated beverages, smoking, poor skin care regimen, and side effects of medications. Chemotherapeutic drugs, retinoids, and lithium can all increase the possibility of having crusty lips. ^{(5, 6)}

Clinical Manifestations

• Severely dry and crusty lips
• Bleeding of the lips secondary to cracking of the skin
• Red to dark pink colored lips
• Swelling of the lips
• Ulceration
• White plaques on the skin
• Multiple fissures ⁽⁷⁾

Diagnosing Crusty Lips

The doctor will thoroughly assess the condition of the skin, specifically the lips and the surrounding areas. Past medical and surgical history will be taken to rule out any possible cause of oral infection. Laboratory testing should also be done which include culture swab from the affected area. Differential diagnosis should be done as well. ^{(8, 9)}

Treatment and Management

How to get rid of chapped lips fast? What is the treatment for cheilitis? A mild crusting of the lips usually resolve on its own. If you want to speed up the healing process, then there are natural remedies you can do right in the comfort of your home.

However, for severe crusting of the lips such as in the case of cheilitis, the doctor will prescribe medications, but will primarily depend on the root cause of the problem. ⁽¹⁰⁾

1. Proper skin care – one of the essential parts of dry lips treatment is to observe proper skin care. Do not use skin care products containing strong ingredients as they could be potentially harmful for your skin, especially if you have sensitive skin. Make it a habit to use lip-friendly products. Keep your lips well moisturized. In case of white crusty lips, you should gently exfoliate the lips and apply a moisturizing ointment afterward. ^{(1, 4)}
2. Nutrition – It is important to keep the body healthy. Eat foods rich in essential vitamins and minerals. Keep the body hydrated by drinking plenty of water. As much as possible, you should limit your intake of foods with dyes and artificial sweeteners.
3. Drug therapy – Depending on the root cause of the crusty lips, the doctor will prescribe oral and topical drugs. However, it depends on the severity of the condition. Cheilitis is a serious condition and warrants immediate medical attention. The doctor might order an antifungal or antibacterial cream. To somehow alleviate pain and inflammation, the patient is put on hydrocortisone cream. ⁽³⁾

Natural Remedies for Crusty Lips

• Apply olive oil – Applying a good quality oil on the lips before bedtime helps promote hydration and hastens the healing process. Olive oil and vegetable oil are very good for the lips.
• Honey – It soothes irritation and hastens the healing process. It also has antibacterial property, which is perfect for fighting infection.
• Diet modification – Anything you put in your mouth has repercussions to your health. Crusty lips could be a sign that your body lacks nourishment. You could be deficient to certain types of vitamins. Hence, it is important to modify your diet. Increase your intake of vitamins and minerals rich food. As much as possible, you should limit your intake of foods containing preservatives, additives, and food coloring. ^{(2, 4, 5)}

How to prevent crusty lips?

As the famous saying goes, “prevention is better than cure.” Prevention for crusty lips starts by taking good care of your skin and body. Feed the body with essential nutrients. Keep it well-nourished and hydrated. Drink at least two liters of water a day.

You should be choosy when it comes to using cosmetic products for the lips. Most cosmetics today contain ingredients that can be harmful to the skin. If right after using a lip product you developed irritation, then you should discontinue using it. When going out in the sun, you should apply sunscreen for the lips. The typical sunscreen for the skin is not enough to protect the lips.

You should use a sunscreen specially formulated for sensitive lips. If you notice any abnormalities in your lips, you should immediately take measures to correct the problem. Do not apply anything to your lips without consulting your dermatologist. You could probably inflicting more harm than good. ^{(6, 8, 9)}

References:

1. healthsaline.com
2. https://en.wikipedia.org
3. www.healcure.org
4. www.amoils.com
5. www.wikihow.com
6. www.symptomfind.com
7. www.webmd.com
8. www.buzzfeed.com
9. www.livestrong.com
10. www.steadyhealth.com